Parker Solar Probe locates the source of "fast" solar wind after kissing the Sun.
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| Artist’s concept of the Parker Solar Probe spacecraft approaching the sun. Credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins APL/Steve Gribben. |
The Parker Solar Probe of NASA has come close enough to the Sun to reveal the fast solar wind's source. When the wind leaves the Sun's corona as a gust of charged particles, these details about the structure of the solar wind are lost.
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Parker has found high-energy streams that are similar to coronal hole-like regions on the Sun's surface.
A magnetic field does not loop back into the Sun's surface in these regions. Instead, it extends outward into the space around it. The fast solar wind they produce does not reach Earth because these holes typically form close to the Sun's poles.
However, these coronal holes appear all over the Sun's surface every 11 years as a result of the reversal of its magnetic field, and some of the swift solar wind they produce reaches Earth.
This kind of active period, also known as a solar maximum, is about to begin. In addition, reports in recent months suggest that the Sun is more active than it has been in decades, making this solar maximum already look like one to remember. This poses a threat to the technology we rely on, such as GPS, telecommunications, and other satellite-based technology that could be impacted by strong solar winds.
It is truly challenging to Foresee sun-oriented storms. Scientists hope that knowing where they came from will make it easier to predict how severe and frequent they will be.
However, these coronal holes appear all over the Sun's surface every 11 years as a result of the reversal of its magnetic field, and some of the swift solar wind they produce reaches Earth.
This kind of active period, also known as a solar maximum, is about to begin. In addition, reports in recent months suggest that the Sun is more active than it has been in decades, making this solar maximum already look like one to remember. This poses a threat to the technology we rely on, such as GPS, telecommunications, and other satellite-based technology that could be impacted by strong solar winds.
It is extremely challenging to Foresee sunlight-based storms. Scientists hope that knowing where they came from will make it easier to predict how severe and frequent they will be.
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According to first author Stuart D. Bale, a physics professor at the University of California, Berkeley, "supergranulation" is the larger-scale convection flow that covers the photosphere like water in a boiling pot. The magnetic field that is in their path is dragged down into a funnel-like structure where these supergranulation cells meet and descend. Because it is so jammed, the magnetic field becomes very strong there. It resembles a scoop of magnetic field falling into a sewer. Solar probe data also demonstrate the spatial separation of those little drains or funnels.
Solar winds take the form of a uniform, turbulent jet of charged particles and swirling magnetic fields when they reach Earth, about 150 million kilometers from the Sun.
To be able to identify the material jets, Parker needed to be just over eight million kilometers away from the Sun's surface.
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